See krūms on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "krūmājs"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bat-pro",
"3": "*kurmas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic *kurmas",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kr̥-mo-s"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kr̥-mo-s",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "cers"
},
"expansion": "Latvian cers",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "krū́mas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian krū́mas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "kirno"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian kirno",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably by metathesis from *kurms (with ur̄ > rū, yielding a long vowel), from Proto-Baltic *kurmas, from Proto-Indo-European *kr̥-mo-s, from the zero grade *kr̥- of *ker-, *sker- (“to turn, to bend”) (whence also Latvian cers, q.v.). The semantic evolution was probably: “to turn, to bend” > “(object) bent, twisted (into a circle)” > “lumps, clumps, clusters” > “plant resembling/forming lumps, clumps, clusters; bush, shrub.” Cognates include Lithuanian krū́mas, Old Prussian kirno.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "krūms",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūm",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"10": "",
"11": "",
"12": "",
"13": "or",
"14": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "1st declension",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "or",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "krūms m (1st declension)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "1st"
},
"expansion": "krūms m (1st declension)",
"name": "lv-noun"
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "krūm",
"2": "s",
"3": "1st",
"extrawidth": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "krūm",
"2": "s",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"drop-v": "",
"keep-s": "",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
},
{
"args": {
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"11": "krūmā",
"12": "krūmos",
"13": "krūm",
"14": "krūmi",
"2": "krūmi",
"3": "krūmu",
"4": "krūmus",
"5": "krūma",
"6": "krūmu",
"7": "krūmam",
"8": "krūmiem",
"9": "krūmu",
"type": "1st",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian words with level intonation",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
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{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
20,
25
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
23
]
],
"english": "hazel, lilac, rose bush",
"text": "lazdu, ceriņu, rožu krūms",
"translation": "hazel, lilac, rose bush",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
12
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
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6,
10
]
],
"english": "thorn bush",
"text": "ērkšķu krūms",
"translation": "thorn bush",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"english": "bush grove",
"text": "krūmu audze",
"translation": "bush grove",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"english": "bush clump",
"text": "krūmu puduris",
"translation": "bush clump",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
38,
43
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
22,
26
]
],
"english": "aronia is a perennial bush of average size with glossy elliptical leaves (and) white flowers",
"text": "aronija ir vidēja lieluma daudzgadīgs krūms ar spīdīgām, eliptiskām lapām, baltiem ziediem",
"translation": "aronia is a perennial bush of average size with glossy elliptical leaves (and) white flowers",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
25
]
],
"english": "the American aster bushes have large flowers with strong stems",
"text": "amerikāņu krūmu asterēm ir lieli ziedi ar stingriem kātiem",
"translation": "the American aster bushes have large flowers with strong stems",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bush, shrub (perennial plant with several wooden stems but without a main stem or trunk)"
],
"id": "en-krūms-lv-noun-On1p5662",
"links": [
[
"bush",
"bush"
],
[
"shrub",
"shrub"
],
[
"perennial",
"perennial#English"
],
[
"plant",
"plant#English"
],
[
"several",
"several#English"
],
[
"wooden",
"wooden#English"
],
[
"stems",
"stems#English"
],
[
"main",
"main#English"
],
[
"stem",
"stem#English"
],
[
"trunk",
"trunk#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 68",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 84",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 87",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 61",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "lv",
"name": "Shrubs",
"orig": "lv:Shrubs",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
19
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
20,
26
]
],
"english": "to pass through the bushes",
"text": "iziet cauri krūmiem",
"translation": "to pass through the bushes",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
59,
63
]
],
"english": "dwarf chicken (bird from India, similar to a chicken; lit. bush chicken)",
"text": "krūmu vista",
"translation": "dwarf chicken (bird from India, similar to a chicken; lit. bush chicken)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
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7,
13
]
],
"english": "in the bushes on the hilltop someone noticed a 45-milimiter cannon",
"text": "krūmos uzkalnītē kāds pamanīja 45 milimetru lielgabalu",
"translation": "in the bushes on the hilltop someone noticed a 45-milimiter cannon",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bush grove, bush clump; shrubbery (a place where bushes, shrubs grow)"
],
"id": "en-krūms-lv-noun-C5AB3pYP",
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural"
],
[
"bush",
"bush"
],
[
"grove",
"grove"
],
[
"clump",
"clump"
],
[
"shrubbery",
"shrubbery"
],
[
"place",
"place#English"
],
[
"bushes",
"bushes#English"
],
[
"shrub",
"shrub#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually plural) bush grove, bush clump; shrubbery (a place where bushes, shrubs grow)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine",
"plural",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[kɾūːms]"
},
{
"audio": "lv-riga-krūms.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg"
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],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cers"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"lv:"
],
"word": "krūms"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"Latvian etymologies from LEV",
"Latvian first declension nouns",
"Latvian lemmas",
"Latvian masculine nouns",
"Latvian nouns",
"Latvian terms derived from Proto-Baltic",
"Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latvian undefined derivations",
"Latvian words with level intonation",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"lv:Shrubs"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "krūmājs"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "bat-pro",
"3": "*kurmas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Baltic *kurmas",
"name": "uder"
},
{
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kr̥-mo-s"
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"name": "uder"
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{
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"1": "lv",
"2": "cers"
},
"expansion": "Latvian cers",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "krū́mas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian krū́mas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "kirno"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian kirno",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably by metathesis from *kurms (with ur̄ > rū, yielding a long vowel), from Proto-Baltic *kurmas, from Proto-Indo-European *kr̥-mo-s, from the zero grade *kr̥- of *ker-, *sker- (“to turn, to bend”) (whence also Latvian cers, q.v.). The semantic evolution was probably: “to turn, to bend” > “(object) bent, twisted (into a circle)” > “lumps, clumps, clusters” > “plant resembling/forming lumps, clumps, clusters; bush, shrub.” Cognates include Lithuanian krū́mas, Old Prussian kirno.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "krūms",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "krūm",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "krūmi",
"source": "declension",
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"vocative"
]
}
],
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"10": "",
"11": "",
"12": "",
"13": "or",
"14": "",
"2": "noun",
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"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "or",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
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},
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},
{
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],
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"args": {
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"2": "s",
"3": "1st",
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{
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"7": "",
"8": "",
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"x": "-60"
},
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},
{
"args": {
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"12": "krūmos",
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"2": "krūmi",
"3": "krūmu",
"4": "krūmus",
"5": "krūma",
"6": "krūmu",
"7": "krūmam",
"8": "krūmiem",
"9": "krūmu",
"type": "1st",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
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"categories": [
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],
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{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
20,
25
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
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19,
23
]
],
"english": "hazel, lilac, rose bush",
"text": "lazdu, ceriņu, rožu krūms",
"translation": "hazel, lilac, rose bush",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
12
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
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6,
10
]
],
"english": "thorn bush",
"text": "ērkšķu krūms",
"translation": "thorn bush",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
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0,
4
]
],
"english": "bush grove",
"text": "krūmu audze",
"translation": "bush grove",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"english": "bush clump",
"text": "krūmu puduris",
"translation": "bush clump",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
38,
43
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
22,
26
]
],
"english": "aronia is a perennial bush of average size with glossy elliptical leaves (and) white flowers",
"text": "aronija ir vidēja lieluma daudzgadīgs krūms ar spīdīgām, eliptiskām lapām, baltiem ziediem",
"translation": "aronia is a perennial bush of average size with glossy elliptical leaves (and) white flowers",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
25
]
],
"english": "the American aster bushes have large flowers with strong stems",
"text": "amerikāņu krūmu asterēm ir lieli ziedi ar stingriem kātiem",
"translation": "the American aster bushes have large flowers with strong stems",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bush, shrub (perennial plant with several wooden stems but without a main stem or trunk)"
],
"links": [
[
"bush",
"bush"
],
[
"shrub",
"shrub"
],
[
"perennial",
"perennial#English"
],
[
"plant",
"plant#English"
],
[
"several",
"several#English"
],
[
"wooden",
"wooden#English"
],
[
"stems",
"stems#English"
],
[
"main",
"main#English"
],
[
"stem",
"stem#English"
],
[
"trunk",
"trunk#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
19
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
20,
26
]
],
"english": "to pass through the bushes",
"text": "iziet cauri krūmiem",
"translation": "to pass through the bushes",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
59,
63
]
],
"english": "dwarf chicken (bird from India, similar to a chicken; lit. bush chicken)",
"text": "krūmu vista",
"translation": "dwarf chicken (bird from India, similar to a chicken; lit. bush chicken)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
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7,
13
]
],
"english": "in the bushes on the hilltop someone noticed a 45-milimiter cannon",
"text": "krūmos uzkalnītē kāds pamanīja 45 milimetru lielgabalu",
"translation": "in the bushes on the hilltop someone noticed a 45-milimiter cannon",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bush grove, bush clump; shrubbery (a place where bushes, shrubs grow)"
],
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural"
],
[
"bush",
"bush"
],
[
"grove",
"grove"
],
[
"clump",
"clump"
],
[
"shrubbery",
"shrubbery"
],
[
"place",
"place#English"
],
[
"bushes",
"bushes#English"
],
[
"shrub",
"shrub#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually plural) bush grove, bush clump; shrubbery (a place where bushes, shrubs grow)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine",
"plural",
"usually"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[kɾūːms]"
},
{
"audio": "lv-riga-krūms.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Lv-riga-kr%C5%ABms.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cers"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"lv:"
],
"word": "krūms"
}
Download raw JSONL data for krūms meaning in All languages combined (7.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.